safarizuloo.blogg.se - Pidgin language

Few or no syllables closed by final consonants (e.g.

Uncomplicated clause structure (e.g., no embedded clauses, etc.).

A default subject-verb-object word order.

Since a pidgin develops as an immediate means of communication, its grammar tends to be straightforward, apparently reflecting 'default' or more common patterns found in the world's languages: One of the most famous pidgins in the world is Pitcairnese, spoken mainly on Pitcairn Island, but also on Norfolk Island, an Australian territory.Īnother well-known pidgin is Bislama of Vanuatu, based on English but incorporating Malay, Chinese, and Portuguese words. is the now creolized Hawaiian Pidgin where locals mixed the traditional dialect of Hawaiian with English, Japanese, Portuguese, and other languages of immigrants of Hawaii and Pacific traders. One commentator pointed out that many Melanesians would be far more familiar with helicopters than electric food mixers, and would be more likely to call a mixer "helikopta blong misis". The actual words in Solomons Pijin are piana and tiopa. They include "bigfala bokis garem plande tit, iu hitim hemi kraeout" (E: a big box with plenty of teeth, hitting it, it cries out) for a piano, and "miksmasta blong Jisas" (E: Jesus' food mixer) for a helicopter. Several expressions commonly used to exemplify Melanesian pidgins have no known basis in actual use. "Wikit" (Solomons Pijin for pagan, from "wicked") has no connotations of evil. When words are adopted, not only the sound and the meaning, but also the emotional content can change. All also adopt words from local languages. English provides the basis of most of the vocabulary, but the grammar follows closely that of Melanesian languages: hence the use of at least three numbers in pronouns, singular, dual and plural ( Bislama also has a trial), and the distinction between inclusive and exclusive we.

Hence they were developed by Melanesians for use between each other, not by the colonists on whose language they are based. The Melanesian pidgins may have originated off their home islands, in the 19th century when the islanders were abducted for indentured labour. These pidgins have since died out although some, such as Haitian Creole, Jamaican creole, and Papiamento, have become creole languages.

The laborers, natives, slaves or cheap immigrant workers, would often come from many different language groups and would need to communicate. As tropical islands were colonised their society was restructured, with a ruling minority of some European nation and a large mass of non-European laborers. So is Goleta English, a combined Spanish and English variety as it is spoken by Puerto Ricans, either occasionally when in the island, or daily as immigrants in the United States.Ĭaribbean pidgins were the result of colonialism. It is an example of code-switching because it occurs only among bilingual speakers and retains grammatical and phonological properties of both languages. Spanglish, commonly believed to be a pidgin of Spanish and English, is actually not a pidgin. no can do (唔得做 m4 dak1 zou6): cannot do.long time no see (好耐冇見 hao3 noi6 mou5 gin3).These include, in English (Chinese character and Cantonese pinyin) format: Many expressions are literal translations from Cantonese grammar. They have made their way into colloquial English. Ĭertain expressions survive from China coast pidgin, a pidgin formerly spoken in Southeast Asia. Another is Tok Pisin, which is widely used throughout Papua New Guinea, in print as well as in conversation, though for many if not most speakers, the language has become a creole.

One example of an extended pidgin is Fanagalo, used in some South African mines, and which is actually taught in underground classrooms to miners of different linguistic backgrounds. In a minority of cases, extending a pidgin may lead to creolisation. It therefore has no immediate need to be elaborated unless it proves useful for the speech community to develop an extended pidgin, used for more purposes and with increasingly rigid rules.

The pidgin is fine-tuned to the immediate needs of the speakers, who may primarily use it for bartering, friendly introductions, or some other specific purpose. As the goal is basic communication rather than the acquisition of a new language, the result is a rudimentary language with fewer 'rules' than others - there are fewer sentence types, for instance, so expressing certain complex ideas may be difficult. A pidgin is a language that is created through a contact situation - typically, users employ words, or wordlike units, from one or more languages they have some knowledge of, underlain by some of the grammar of their own native languages as well as novel rules that arise through the processes of language acquisition.